jack-looper/engine.c

#include "engine.h"
#include "wav_io.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <stdatomic.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <errno.h>

// Forward declarations
static void process_queued_triggers(Engine *engine, jack_nframes_t current_frame);
static jack_nframes_t get_next_quantize_frame(Engine *engine, jack_nframes_t current_frame);

// JACK process callback
static int process_callback(jack_nframes_t nframes, void *arg) {
    Engine *engine = (Engine *)arg;
    
    // Process commands from frontend threads
    engine_process_commands(engine);
    
    // Get per-channel audio buffers
    jack_default_audio_sample_t *audio_in[MAX_CHANNELS];
    jack_default_audio_sample_t *audio_out[MAX_CHANNELS];
    
    for (int ch = 0; ch < MAX_CHANNELS; ch++) {
        audio_in[ch] = (jack_default_audio_sample_t *)
            jack_port_get_buffer(engine->audio_in_ports[ch], nframes);
        audio_out[ch] = (jack_default_audio_sample_t *)
            jack_port_get_buffer(engine->audio_out_ports[ch], nframes);
    }
    
    // Get MIDI buffers
    void *midi_in_buf = jack_port_get_buffer(engine->midi_in_port, nframes);
    void *midi_scene_buf = jack_port_get_buffer(engine->midi_scene_in_port, nframes);
    void *midi_clock_buf = jack_port_get_buffer(engine->midi_clock_in_port, nframes);
    void *midi_out_buf = jack_port_get_buffer(engine->midi_out_port, nframes);
    
    // Clear output MIDI buffer
    jack_midi_clear_buffer(midi_out_buf);
    
    // Process transport (handles both master and slave clock)
    transport_process(engine->transport, nframes, midi_clock_buf, midi_out_buf);
    
    // Process control channel MIDI input (clip triggers)
    int event_index;
    jack_midi_event_t midi_event;
    event_index = 0;
    while (jack_midi_event_get(&midi_event, midi_in_buf, event_index) == 0) {
        event_index++;
        
        uint8_t *data = midi_event.buffer;
        uint8_t status = data[0] & 0xF0;
        uint8_t channel = data[0] & 0x0F;
        uint8_t note = data[1];
        uint8_t velocity = data[2];
        
        // Only process note on messages on the control channel
        if (status == 0x90 && channel == engine->control_channel && velocity > 0) {
            int clip_index = note % MAX_CLIPS;
            
            // Read quantize mode atomically (frontend may update it)
            QuantizeMode current_quantize = (QuantizeMode)atomic_load(&engine->quantize_mode_atomic);
            TransportState transport_state = (TransportState)atomic_load(&engine->transport->state_atomic);
            
            if (current_quantize != QUANTIZE_OFF && transport_state == TRANSPORT_PLAYING) {
                // Queue for quantization
                jack_nframes_t trigger_time = midi_event.time;
                queue_trigger(engine, clip_index, false, trigger_time);
            } else {
                // Trigger immediately
                engine_trigger_clip(engine, clip_index);
            }
            
            // Send note with velocity representing state
            uint8_t out_velocity = clip_state_to_velocity(engine->clips[clip_index].state);
            uint8_t out_msg[3] = {0x90 | channel, note, out_velocity};
            
            if (jack_midi_event_write(midi_out_buf, midi_event.time, out_msg, 3) != 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Failed to write MIDI event\n");
            }
        } else {
            // Pass through all other MIDI messages
            if (jack_midi_event_write(midi_out_buf, midi_event.time, 
                                      midi_event.buffer, midi_event.size) != 0) {
                fprintf(stderr, "Failed to write MIDI event\n");
            }
        }
    }
    
    // Process scene launch MIDI input
    event_index = 0;
    while (jack_midi_event_get(&midi_event, midi_scene_buf, event_index) == 0) {
        event_index++;
        
        uint8_t *data = midi_event.buffer;
        uint8_t status = data[0] & 0xF0;
        uint8_t note = data[1];
        uint8_t velocity = data[2];
        
        // Process note on messages (any channel) for scene launch
        if (status == 0x90 && velocity > 0) {
            int scene_index = note % MAX_SCENES;
            
            // Read quantize mode atomically (frontend may update it)
            QuantizeMode current_quantize = (QuantizeMode)atomic_load(&engine->quantize_mode_atomic);
            TransportState transport_state = (TransportState)atomic_load(&engine->transport->state_atomic);
            
            if (current_quantize != QUANTIZE_OFF && transport_state == TRANSPORT_PLAYING) {
                // Queue for quantization
                jack_nframes_t trigger_time = midi_event.time;
                queue_trigger(engine, scene_index, true, trigger_time);
            } else {
                // Trigger immediately
                engine_trigger_scene(engine, scene_index);
            }
        }
    }
    
    // Process queued triggers at quantization boundaries
    process_queued_triggers(engine, nframes);
    
    // Process audio per-channel
    for (int ch = 0; ch < MAX_CHANNELS; ch++) {
        memset(audio_out[ch], 0, sizeof(jack_default_audio_sample_t) * nframes);
        
        for (jack_nframes_t i = 0; i < nframes; i++) {
            // Record input to recording clips in this channel
            for (int s = 0; s < MAX_SCENES; s++) {
                int clip_idx = CLIP_INDEX(s, ch);
                Clip *clip = &engine->clips[clip_idx];
                
                if (clip->state == CLIP_RECORDING) {
                    if (clip->write_position < MAX_BUFFER_SIZE) {
                        clip->buffer[clip->write_position++] = audio_in[ch][i];
                    } else {
                        // Buffer full, stop recording
                        clip->state = CLIP_LOOPING;
                        clip->buffer_size = clip->write_position;
                        clip->read_position = 0;
                    }
                }
                
                // Play looping clips to this channel's output
                if (clip->state == CLIP_LOOPING && clip->buffer_size > 0) {
                    audio_out[ch][i] += clip->buffer[clip->read_position];
                    clip->read_position = (clip->read_position + 1) % clip->buffer_size;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    
    return 0;
}

// JACK shutdown callback
static void shutdown_callback(void *arg) {
    Engine *engine = (Engine *)arg;
    engine->running = false;
    fprintf(stderr, "JACK shutdown\n");
}

// Get the next quantization boundary frame
static jack_nframes_t get_next_quantize_frame(Engine *engine, jack_nframes_t current_frame) {
    if (!engine->transport || engine->transport->state != TRANSPORT_PLAYING || 
        engine->quantize_mode == QUANTIZE_OFF) {
        return current_frame;
    }
    
    // Calculate frames per beat
    jack_nframes_t frames_per_beat = (jack_nframes_t)engine->transport->samples_per_beat;
    jack_nframes_t frames_per_bar = frames_per_beat * BEATS_PER_BAR;
    
    // Current position in frames
    jack_nframes_t current_pos = engine->transport->sample_position + current_frame;
    
    if (engine->quantize_mode == QUANTIZE_BEAT) {
        // Next beat boundary
        jack_nframes_t beat_frames = frames_per_beat;
        jack_nframes_t next_beat = ((current_pos / beat_frames) + 1) * beat_frames;
        return next_beat - engine->transport->sample_position;
    } else {  // QUANTIZE_BAR
        // Next bar boundary
        jack_nframes_t bar_frames = frames_per_bar;
        jack_nframes_t next_bar = ((current_pos / bar_frames) + 1) * bar_frames;
        return next_bar - engine->transport->sample_position;
    }
}

// Queue a trigger for quantization
void queue_trigger(Engine *engine, int clip_index, bool is_scene, jack_nframes_t time) {
    if (!engine) return;
    
    QueuedTrigger *qt = (QueuedTrigger *)malloc(sizeof(QueuedTrigger));
    if (!qt) return;
    
    qt->clip_index = clip_index;
    qt->is_scene = is_scene;
    qt->trigger_time = time;
    qt->next = NULL;
    
    // Add to end of queue
    if (!engine->queued_triggers) {
        engine->queued_triggers = qt;
    } else {
        QueuedTrigger *last = engine->queued_triggers;
        while (last && last->next) last = last->next;  // FIX: add null check for last
        if (last) {  // ADD THIS
            last->next = qt;
        } else {
            engine->queued_triggers = qt;  // Fallback
        }
    }
}

// Process queued triggers at quantization boundaries
static void process_queued_triggers(Engine *engine, jack_nframes_t nframes) {
    if (!engine || !engine->queued_triggers) return;  // FIX: add engine null check
    TransportState transport_state = (TransportState)atomic_load(&engine->transport->state_atomic);
    if (transport_state != TRANSPORT_PLAYING) return;
    
    jack_nframes_t quantize_frame = get_next_quantize_frame(engine, 0);
    
    // Check if we've reached the quantization boundary
    if (quantize_frame <= nframes) {
        QueuedTrigger *qt = engine->queued_triggers;
        engine->queued_triggers = NULL;
        
        while (qt) {
            if (qt->is_scene) {
                engine_trigger_scene(engine, qt->clip_index);
            } else {
                engine_trigger_clip(engine, qt->clip_index);
            }
            
            QueuedTrigger *next = qt->next;
            free(qt);
            qt = next;
        }
    }
}

// Initialize command queue
void command_queue_init(CommandQueue *q) {
    atomic_store(&q->write_index, 0);
    atomic_store(&q->read_index, 0);
}

// Initialize save/load queue
void save_load_queue_init(SaveLoadQueue *q) {
    atomic_store(&q->write_index, 0);
    atomic_store(&q->read_index, 0);
}

// Push a save/load request (called from audio thread)
int save_load_queue_push(SaveLoadQueue *q, SaveLoadType type, int clip_index, const char *filename) {
    if (!q || !filename) return -1;
    
    unsigned int write = atomic_load(&q->write_index);
    unsigned int read = atomic_load(&q->read_index);
    
    if ((write - read) >= MAX_QUEUED_COMMANDS) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Save/Load queue full, dropping request\n");
        return -1;
    }
    
    unsigned int slot = write % MAX_QUEUED_COMMANDS;
    q->buffer[slot].type = type;
    q->buffer[slot].clip_index = clip_index;
    strncpy(q->buffer[slot].filename, filename, sizeof(q->buffer[slot].filename) - 1);
    q->buffer[slot].filename[sizeof(q->buffer[slot].filename) - 1] = '\0';
    
    atomic_store(&q->write_index, write + 1);
    return 0;
}

// Pop a save/load request (called from save/load thread)
int save_load_queue_pop(SaveLoadQueue *q, SaveLoadRequest *req) {
    if (!q || !req) return -1;
    
    unsigned int read = atomic_load(&q->read_index);
    unsigned int write = atomic_load(&q->write_index);
    
    if (read >= write) return 0;  // Empty
    
    unsigned int slot = read % MAX_QUEUED_COMMANDS;
    *req = q->buffer[slot];
    
    atomic_store(&q->read_index, read + 1);
    return 1;
}

// Save/Load thread function
void* save_load_thread_func(void *arg) {
    Engine *engine = (Engine *)arg;
    if (!engine) return NULL;
    
    // Create samples directory if it doesn't exist
    mkdir("samples", 0755);
    
    while (engine->save_load_running) {
        SaveLoadRequest req;
        int ret = save_load_queue_pop(&engine->save_load_queue, &req);
        
        if (ret == 1) {
            char filepath[512];
            
            switch (req.type) {
                case REQ_SAVE_CLIP: {
                    if (req.clip_index < 0 || req.clip_index >= MAX_CLIPS) break;
                    Clip *clip = &engine->clips[req.clip_index];
                    
                    // Build filename: samples/clip_<index>.wav
                    snprintf(filepath, sizeof(filepath), "samples/clip_%d.wav", req.clip_index);
                    
                    if (clip->buffer && clip->buffer_size > 0) {
                        int result = save_wav_float(filepath, clip->buffer, clip->buffer_size, engine->sample_rate);
                        if (result == 0) {
                            printf("Saved clip %d to %s (%zu samples)\n", req.clip_index, filepath, clip->buffer_size);
                        } else {
                            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to save clip %d to %s\n", req.clip_index, filepath);
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                }
                    
                case REQ_LOAD_CLIP: {
                    if (req.clip_index < 0 || req.clip_index >= MAX_CLIPS) break;
                    Clip *clip = &engine->clips[req.clip_index];
                    
                    float *new_buffer = NULL;
                    size_t num_samples = 0;
                    unsigned int file_sample_rate = 0;
                    
                    int result = load_wav_float(req.filename, &new_buffer, &num_samples, &file_sample_rate);
                    if (result == 0 && new_buffer && num_samples > 0) {
                        // Allocate a new buffer for the clip
                        float *clip_buffer = (float *)calloc(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE, sizeof(float));
                        if (!clip_buffer) {
                            free(new_buffer);
                            break;
                        }
                        
                        // Copy samples (truncate if too long)
                        size_t copy_size = (num_samples < MAX_BUFFER_SIZE) ? num_samples : MAX_BUFFER_SIZE;
                        memcpy(clip_buffer, new_buffer, copy_size * sizeof(float));
                        
                        // Atomically swap the clip's buffer
                        float *old_buffer = atomic_exchange(&clip->buffer, clip_buffer);
                        
                        // Update clip state atomically
                        clip->state = CLIP_LOOPING;
                        clip->buffer_size = copy_size;
                        clip->write_position = copy_size;
                        clip->read_position = 0;
                        
                        // Free old buffer and temporary buffer
                        if (old_buffer) free(old_buffer);
                        free(new_buffer);
                        
                        printf("Loaded clip %d from %s (%zu samples, %u Hz)\n", 
                               req.clip_index, req.filename, num_samples, file_sample_rate);
                    } else {
                        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to load %s into clip %d\n", req.filename, req.clip_index);
                    }
                    break;
                }
            }
        } else {
            // No requests, sleep a bit to avoid busy-waiting
            usleep(1000);  // 1ms
        }
    }
    
    return NULL;
}

// Start the save/load thread
int engine_start_save_load_thread(Engine *engine) {
    if (!engine) return -1;
    
    engine->save_load_running = true;
    save_load_queue_init(&engine->save_load_queue);
    
    if (pthread_create(&engine->save_load_thread, NULL, save_load_thread_func, engine) != 0) {
        engine->save_load_running = false;
        return -1;
    }
    
    return 0;
}

// Stop the save/load thread
void engine_stop_save_load_thread(Engine *engine) {
    if (!engine) return;
    
    engine->save_load_running = false;
    pthread_join(engine->save_load_thread, NULL);
}

// Submit command from frontend thread (non-blocking)
int engine_submit_command(Engine *engine, CommandType type, int index, jack_nframes_t value) {
    if (!engine) return -1;
    
    CommandQueue *q = &engine->command_queue;
    
    // Use CAS to atomically claim a slot
    unsigned int write, next_write, read;
    do {
        write = atomic_load(&q->write_index);
        read = atomic_load(&q->read_index);
        
        // Check if queue is full
        if ((write - read) >= MAX_QUEUED_COMMANDS) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Command queue full, dropping command\n");
            return -1;
        }
        
        next_write = write + 1;
    } while (!atomic_compare_exchange_weak(&q->write_index, &write, next_write));
    
    // We now own this slot exclusively
    unsigned int slot = write % MAX_QUEUED_COMMANDS;
    q->buffer[slot].type = type;
    q->buffer[slot].index = index;
    q->buffer[slot].value = value;
    
    // Release fence ensures the buffer write is visible before any consumer reads it
    atomic_thread_fence(memory_order_release);
    
    return 0;
}

// Process pending commands (called from audio thread only)
void engine_process_commands(Engine *engine) {
    if (!engine) return;
    
    CommandQueue *q = &engine->command_queue;
    unsigned int read = atomic_load(&q->read_index);
    unsigned int write = atomic_load(&q->write_index);
    
    while (read < write) {
        unsigned int slot = read % MAX_QUEUED_COMMANDS;
        
        // Acquire fence ensures we see the fully written command data
        atomic_thread_fence(memory_order_acquire);
        
        Command cmd = q->buffer[slot];
        
        // Process the command directly (we're in the audio thread)
        switch (cmd.type) {
            case CMD_TRIGGER_CLIP: {
                if (cmd.index < 0 || cmd.index >= MAX_CLIPS) break;
                Clip *clip = &engine->clips[cmd.index];
                
                // Record undo action
                UndoAction action;
                action.type = ACTION_TRIGGER_CLIP;
                action.index = cmd.index;
                action.value = 0;
                action.previous_state = clip->state;
                action.previous_buffer_size = clip->buffer_size;
                action.previous_write_position = clip->write_position;
                action.previous_read_position = clip->read_position;
                engine_push_undo_action(engine, &action);
                
                ClipState prev_state = clip->state;
                
                switch (clip->state) {
                    case CLIP_EMPTY:
                        clip->state = CLIP_RECORDING;
                        clip->write_position = 0;
                        clip->buffer_size = 0;
                        clip->read_position = 0;
                        break;
                    case CLIP_RECORDING:
                        clip->state = CLIP_LOOPING;
                        clip->buffer_size = clip->write_position;
                        clip->read_position = 0;
                        break;
                    case CLIP_LOOPING:
                        clip->state = CLIP_STOPPED;
                        clip->read_position = 0;
                        break;
                    case CLIP_STOPPED:
                        clip->state = CLIP_LOOPING;
                        clip->read_position = 0;
                        break;
                }
                
                // Auto-save when recording finishes (RECORDING -> LOOPING)
                if (prev_state == CLIP_RECORDING && clip->state == CLIP_LOOPING) {
                    save_load_queue_push(&engine->save_load_queue, REQ_SAVE_CLIP, cmd.index, "");
                }
                break;
            }
            
            case CMD_TRIGGER_SCENE: {
                if (cmd.index < 0 || cmd.index >= MAX_SCENES) break;
                
                // Record undo action
                UndoAction action;
                action.type = ACTION_TRIGGER_SCENE;
                action.index = cmd.index;
                action.value = 0;
                engine_push_undo_action(engine, &action);
                
                for (int ch = 0; ch < MAX_CHANNELS; ch++) {
                    int clip_idx = CLIP_INDEX(cmd.index, ch);
                    Clip *clip = &engine->clips[clip_idx];
                    
                    ClipState prev_state = clip->state;
                    
                    switch (clip->state) {
                        case CLIP_EMPTY:
                            clip->state = CLIP_RECORDING;
                            clip->write_position = 0;
                            clip->buffer_size = 0;
                            clip->read_position = 0;
                            break;
                        case CLIP_RECORDING:
                            clip->state = CLIP_LOOPING;
                            clip->buffer_size = clip->write_position;
                            clip->read_position = 0;
                            break;
                        case CLIP_LOOPING:
                            clip->state = CLIP_STOPPED;
                            clip->read_position = 0;
                            break;
                        case CLIP_STOPPED:
                            clip->state = CLIP_LOOPING;
                            clip->read_position = 0;
                            break;
                    }
                    
                    // Auto-save when recording finishes
                    if (prev_state == CLIP_RECORDING && clip->state == CLIP_LOOPING) {
                        save_load_queue_push(&engine->save_load_queue, REQ_SAVE_CLIP, clip_idx, "");
                    }
                }
                break;
            }
            
            case CMD_RESET_CLIP: {
                if (cmd.index < 0 || cmd.index >= MAX_CLIPS) break;
                Clip *clip = &engine->clips[cmd.index];
                if (!clip->buffer) break;
                
                // Record undo action
                UndoAction action;
                action.type = ACTION_RESET_CLIP;
                action.index = cmd.index;
                action.value = 0;
                action.previous_state = clip->state;
                action.previous_buffer_size = clip->buffer_size;
                action.previous_write_position = clip->write_position;
                action.previous_read_position = clip->read_position;
                engine_push_undo_action(engine, &action);
                
                clip->state = CLIP_EMPTY;
                clip->buffer_size = 0;
                clip->write_position = 0;
                clip->read_position = 0;
                memset(clip->buffer, 0, MAX_BUFFER_SIZE * sizeof(float));
                break;
            }
            
            case CMD_SET_QUANTIZE_MODE: {
                QuantizeMode new_mode = (QuantizeMode)cmd.index;
                
                // Record undo action
                UndoAction action;
                action.type = ACTION_SET_QUANTIZE_MODE;
                action.index = (int)new_mode;
                action.value = 0;
                action.previous_quantize_mode = engine->quantize_mode;
                engine_push_undo_action(engine, &action);
                
                engine->quantize_mode = new_mode;
                atomic_store(&engine->quantize_mode_atomic, (int)new_mode);
                break;
            }
                
            case CMD_SET_QUANTIZE_THRESHOLD: {
                jack_nframes_t new_threshold = cmd.value;
                
                // Record undo action
                UndoAction action;
                action.type = ACTION_SET_QUANTIZE_THRESHOLD;
                action.index = 0;
                action.value = new_threshold;
                action.previous_quantize_threshold = engine->quantize_threshold;
                engine_push_undo_action(engine, &action);
                
                engine->quantize_threshold = new_threshold;
                atomic_store(&engine->quantize_threshold_atomic, new_threshold);
                break;
            }
                
            case CMD_RESET_TRANSPORT: {
                // Record undo action
                UndoAction action;
                action.type = ACTION_RESET_TRANSPORT;
                action.index = 0;
                action.value = 0;
                action.previous_rolling = (engine->transport->state == TRANSPORT_PLAYING);
                action.previous_clock_count = engine->transport->clock_count;
                action.previous_beat_position = engine->transport->beat_position;
                action.previous_bar_position = engine->transport->bar_position;
                action.previous_sample_position = engine->transport->sample_position;
                engine_push_undo_action(engine, &action);
                
                transport_reset(engine->transport);
                break;
            }
                
            case CMD_UNDO:
                engine_undo(engine);
                break;
                
            case CMD_REDO:
                engine_redo(engine);
                break;
                
            case CMD_TRANSPORT_PLAY: {
                // Record undo action
                UndoAction action;
                action.type = ACTION_TRANSPORT_STATE_CHANGE;
                action.index = 0;
                action.value = (jack_nframes_t)engine->transport->state;
                action.previous_clock_count = engine->transport->clock_count;
                action.previous_beat_position = engine->transport->beat_position;
                action.previous_bar_position = engine->transport->bar_position;
                action.previous_sample_position = engine->transport->sample_position;
                engine_push_undo_action(engine, &action);
                
                transport_play(engine->transport);
                break;
            }
                
            case CMD_TRANSPORT_PAUSE: {
                // Record undo action
                UndoAction action;
                action.type = ACTION_TRANSPORT_STATE_CHANGE;
                action.index = 0;
                action.value = (jack_nframes_t)engine->transport->state;
                action.previous_clock_count = engine->transport->clock_count;
                action.previous_beat_position = engine->transport->beat_position;
                action.previous_bar_position = engine->transport->bar_position;
                action.previous_sample_position = engine->transport->sample_position;
                engine_push_undo_action(engine, &action);
                
                transport_pause(engine->transport);
                break;
            }
                
            case CMD_TRANSPORT_STOP: {
                // Record undo action
                UndoAction action;
                action.type = ACTION_TRANSPORT_STATE_CHANGE;
                action.index = 0;
                action.value = (jack_nframes_t)engine->transport->state;
                action.previous_clock_count = engine->transport->clock_count;
                action.previous_beat_position = engine->transport->beat_position;
                action.previous_bar_position = engine->transport->bar_position;
                action.previous_sample_position = engine->transport->sample_position;
                engine_push_undo_action(engine, &action);
                
                transport_stop(engine->transport);
                break;
            }
                
            case CMD_TRANSPORT_TOGGLE_PLAY:
                transport_toggle_play(engine->transport);
                break;
                
            case CMD_SET_CLOCK_SOURCE:
                transport_set_clock_source(engine->transport, (ClockSource)cmd.index);
                break;
                
            case CMD_SET_BPM:
                transport_set_bpm(engine->transport, (double)cmd.value / 100.0);
                break;
        }
        
        read++;
        // Store read_index after processing each command
        atomic_store(&q->read_index, read);
    }
}

// Push an action to the undo history
void engine_push_undo_action(Engine *engine, UndoAction *action) {
    if (!engine || !action) return;
    
    UndoHistory *history = &engine->undo_history;
    
    // If we've undone some actions, clear the redo history
    if (history->redo_index > history->undo_index) {
        history->redo_index = history->undo_index;
    }
    
    // Add action at current undo position
    int slot = history->undo_index % MAX_UNDO_HISTORY;
    history->actions[slot] = *action;
    history->undo_index++;
    history->redo_index = history->undo_index;
    
    if (history->count < MAX_UNDO_HISTORY) {
        history->count++;
    }
}

// Undo the last action
void engine_undo(Engine *engine) {
    if (!engine) return;
    
    UndoHistory *history = &engine->undo_history;
    if (history->undo_index <= 0) return;  // Nothing to undo
    
    int slot = (history->undo_index - 1) % MAX_UNDO_HISTORY;
    UndoAction *action = &history->actions[slot];
    
    switch (action->type) {
        case ACTION_TRIGGER_CLIP: {
            int clip_idx = action->index;
            if (clip_idx < 0 || clip_idx >= MAX_CLIPS) break;
            Clip *clip = &engine->clips[clip_idx];
            if (!clip->buffer) break;  // ADD THIS
            clip->state = action->previous_state;
            clip->buffer_size = action->previous_buffer_size;
            clip->write_position = action->previous_write_position;
            clip->read_position = action->previous_read_position;
            break;
        }
            
        case ACTION_TRIGGER_SCENE: {
            int scene_idx = action->index;
            if (scene_idx < 0 || scene_idx >= MAX_SCENES) break;
            for (int ch = 0; ch < MAX_CHANNELS; ch++) {
                int clip_idx = CLIP_INDEX(scene_idx, ch);
                if (clip_idx < 0 || clip_idx >= MAX_CLIPS) continue;
                Clip *clip = &engine->clips[clip_idx];
                if (!clip->buffer) continue;
                clip->state = CLIP_EMPTY;
                clip->buffer_size = 0;
                clip->write_position = 0;
                clip->read_position = 0;
            }
            break;
        }
            
        case ACTION_RESET_CLIP: {
            int clip_idx = action->index;
            if (clip_idx < 0 || clip_idx >= MAX_CLIPS) break;
            Clip *clip = &engine->clips[clip_idx];
            if (!clip->buffer) break;
            clip->state = action->previous_state;
            clip->buffer_size = action->previous_buffer_size;
            clip->write_position = action->previous_write_position;
            clip->read_position = action->previous_read_position;
            break;
        }
            
        case ACTION_SET_QUANTIZE_MODE: {
            engine->quantize_mode = action->previous_quantize_mode;
            atomic_store(&engine->quantize_mode_atomic, (int)action->previous_quantize_mode);
            break;
        }
            
        case ACTION_SET_QUANTIZE_THRESHOLD: {
            engine->quantize_threshold = action->previous_quantize_threshold;
            atomic_store(&engine->quantize_threshold_atomic, action->previous_quantize_threshold);
            break;
        }
            
        case ACTION_RESET_TRANSPORT: {
            engine->transport->state = action->previous_rolling ? TRANSPORT_PLAYING : TRANSPORT_STOPPED;
            engine->transport->clock_count = action->previous_clock_count;
            engine->transport->beat_position = action->previous_beat_position;
            engine->transport->bar_position = action->previous_bar_position;
            engine->transport->sample_position = action->previous_sample_position;
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->state_atomic, engine->transport->state);
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->clock_count_atomic, action->previous_clock_count);
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->beat_position_atomic, action->previous_beat_position);
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->bar_position_atomic, action->previous_bar_position);
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->sample_position_atomic, action->previous_sample_position);
            break;
        }
            
        case ACTION_TRANSPORT_STATE_CHANGE: {
            TransportState prev_state = (TransportState)action->value;
            engine->transport->state = prev_state;
            engine->transport->clock_count = action->previous_clock_count;
            engine->transport->beat_position = action->previous_beat_position;
            engine->transport->bar_position = action->previous_bar_position;
            engine->transport->sample_position = action->previous_sample_position;
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->state_atomic, prev_state);
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->clock_count_atomic, action->previous_clock_count);
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->beat_position_atomic, action->previous_beat_position);
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->bar_position_atomic, action->previous_bar_position);
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->sample_position_atomic, action->previous_sample_position);
            break;
        }
    }
    
    history->undo_index--;
}

// Redo the last undone action
void engine_redo(Engine *engine) {
    if (!engine) return;
    
    UndoHistory *history = &engine->undo_history;
    if (history->redo_index <= history->undo_index) return;  // Nothing to redo
    
    int slot = history->undo_index % MAX_UNDO_HISTORY;
    UndoAction *action = &history->actions[slot];
    
    switch (action->type) {
        case ACTION_TRIGGER_CLIP: {
            int clip_idx = action->index;
            if (clip_idx < 0 || clip_idx >= MAX_CLIPS) break;
            Clip *clip = &engine->clips[clip_idx];
            if (!clip->buffer) break;  // ADD THIS
            // Re-apply the trigger by directly manipulating state
            switch (clip->state) {
                case CLIP_EMPTY:
                    clip->state = CLIP_RECORDING;
                    clip->write_position = 0;
                    clip->buffer_size = 0;
                    clip->read_position = 0;
                    break;
                case CLIP_RECORDING:
                    clip->state = CLIP_LOOPING;
                    clip->buffer_size = clip->write_position;
                    clip->read_position = 0;
                    break;
                case CLIP_LOOPING:
                    clip->state = CLIP_STOPPED;
                    clip->read_position = 0;
                    break;
                case CLIP_STOPPED:
                    clip->state = CLIP_LOOPING;
                    clip->read_position = 0;
                    break;
            }
            break;
        }
            
        case ACTION_TRIGGER_SCENE: {
            int scene_idx = action->index;
            if (scene_idx < 0 || scene_idx >= MAX_SCENES) break;
            for (int ch = 0; ch < MAX_CHANNELS; ch++) {
                int clip_idx = CLIP_INDEX(scene_idx, ch);
                if (clip_idx < 0 || clip_idx >= MAX_CLIPS) continue;
                Clip *clip = &engine->clips[clip_idx];
                if (!clip->buffer) continue;
                switch (clip->state) {
                    case CLIP_EMPTY:
                        clip->state = CLIP_RECORDING;
                        clip->write_position = 0;
                        clip->buffer_size = 0;
                        clip->read_position = 0;
                        break;
                    case CLIP_RECORDING:
                        clip->state = CLIP_LOOPING;
                        clip->buffer_size = clip->write_position;
                        clip->read_position = 0;
                        break;
                    case CLIP_LOOPING:
                        clip->state = CLIP_STOPPED;
                        clip->read_position = 0;
                        break;
                    case CLIP_STOPPED:
                        clip->state = CLIP_LOOPING;
                        clip->read_position = 0;
                        break;
                }
            }
            break;
        }
            
        case ACTION_RESET_CLIP: {
            int clip_idx = action->index;
            if (clip_idx < 0 || clip_idx >= MAX_CLIPS) break;
            Clip *clip = &engine->clips[clip_idx];
            if (!clip->buffer) break;
            clip->state = CLIP_EMPTY;
            clip->buffer_size = 0;
            clip->write_position = 0;
            clip->read_position = 0;
            memset(clip->buffer, 0, MAX_BUFFER_SIZE * sizeof(float));
            break;
        }
            
        case ACTION_SET_QUANTIZE_MODE: {
            engine->quantize_mode = (QuantizeMode)action->index;
            atomic_store(&engine->quantize_mode_atomic, action->index);
            break;
        }
            
        case ACTION_SET_QUANTIZE_THRESHOLD: {
            engine->quantize_threshold = action->value;
            atomic_store(&engine->quantize_threshold_atomic, action->value);
            break;
        }
            
        case ACTION_RESET_TRANSPORT: {
            engine->transport->state = TRANSPORT_PLAYING;
            engine->transport->clock_count = 0;
            engine->transport->beat_position = 0;
            engine->transport->bar_position = 0;
            engine->transport->sample_position = 0;
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->state_atomic, TRANSPORT_PLAYING);
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->clock_count_atomic, 0);
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->beat_position_atomic, 0);
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->bar_position_atomic, 0);
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->sample_position_atomic, 0);
            break;
        }
            
        case ACTION_TRANSPORT_STATE_CHANGE: {
            TransportState prev_state = (TransportState)action->value;
            engine->transport->state = prev_state;
            engine->transport->clock_count = action->previous_clock_count;
            engine->transport->beat_position = action->previous_beat_position;
            engine->transport->bar_position = action->previous_bar_position;
            engine->transport->sample_position = action->previous_sample_position;
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->state_atomic, prev_state);
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->clock_count_atomic, action->previous_clock_count);
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->beat_position_atomic, action->previous_beat_position);
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->bar_position_atomic, action->previous_bar_position);
            atomic_store(&engine->transport->sample_position_atomic, action->previous_sample_position);
            break;
        }
    }
    
    history->undo_index++;
}

int engine_init(Engine *engine, const char *client_name) {
    if (!engine || !client_name) return -1;
    
    memset(engine, 0, sizeof(Engine));
    engine->control_channel = 0;
    engine->running = false;
    engine->quantize_mode = QUANTIZE_OFF;
    engine->quantize_threshold = 0;
    engine->queued_triggers = NULL;
    
    // Initialize undo history
    engine->undo_history.undo_index = 0;
    engine->undo_history.redo_index = 0;
    engine->undo_history.count = 0;
    
    // Initialize command queue
    command_queue_init(&engine->command_queue);
    
    // Initialize save/load queue
    save_load_queue_init(&engine->save_load_queue);
    
    // Initialize atomic state mirrors
    atomic_store(&engine->quantize_mode_atomic, (int)QUANTIZE_OFF);
    atomic_store(&engine->quantize_threshold_atomic, 0);
    
    // Initialize transport
    engine->transport = (Transport *)calloc(1, sizeof(Transport));
    if (!engine->transport) {
        // Cleanup on allocation failure
        for (int j = 0; j < MAX_CLIPS; j++) {
            free(engine->clips[j].buffer);
            engine->clips[j].buffer = NULL;  // ADD THIS
        }
        return -1;
    }
    transport_init(engine->transport, engine->sample_rate);
    
    // Initialize clips
    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_CLIPS; i++) {
        engine->clips[i].state = CLIP_EMPTY;
        engine->clips[i].buffer = (float *)calloc(MAX_BUFFER_SIZE, sizeof(float));
        if (!engine->clips[i].buffer) {
            // Cleanup on allocation failure
            for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
                free(engine->clips[j].buffer);
                engine->clips[j].buffer = NULL;  // ADD THIS
            }
            free(engine->transport);
            engine->transport = NULL;  // ADD THIS
            return -1;
        }
        engine->clips[i].buffer_size = 0;
        engine->clips[i].write_position = 0;
        engine->clips[i].read_position = 0;
    }
    
    // Open JACK client
    jack_status_t status;
    engine->client = jack_client_open(client_name, JackNullOption, &status, NULL);
    if (!engine->client) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to open JACK client, status = 0x%2.0x\n", status);
        return -1;
    }
    
    // Register per-channel audio ports
    char port_name[32];
    for (int ch = 0; ch < MAX_CHANNELS; ch++) {
        snprintf(port_name, sizeof(port_name), "audio_in_%d", ch);
        engine->audio_in_ports[ch] = jack_port_register(engine->client, port_name,
                                                         JACK_DEFAULT_AUDIO_TYPE,
                                                         JackPortIsInput, 0);
        
        snprintf(port_name, sizeof(port_name), "audio_out_%d", ch);
        engine->audio_out_ports[ch] = jack_port_register(engine->client, port_name,
                                                          JACK_DEFAULT_AUDIO_TYPE,
                                                          JackPortIsOutput, 0);
        
        if (!engine->audio_in_ports[ch] || !engine->audio_out_ports[ch]) {
            fprintf(stderr, "Failed to register audio port %d\n", ch);
            engine_cleanup(engine);
            return -1;
        }
    }
    
    // Register MIDI ports
    engine->midi_in_port = jack_port_register(engine->client, "midi_control_in",
                                               JACK_DEFAULT_MIDI_TYPE,
                                               JackPortIsInput, 0);
    engine->midi_scene_in_port = jack_port_register(engine->client, "midi_scene_in",
                                                     JACK_DEFAULT_MIDI_TYPE,
                                                     JackPortIsInput, 0);
    engine->midi_clock_in_port = jack_port_register(engine->client, "midi_clock_in",
                                                     JACK_DEFAULT_MIDI_TYPE,
                                                     JackPortIsInput, 0);
    engine->midi_out_port = jack_port_register(engine->client, "midi_out",
                                                JACK_DEFAULT_MIDI_TYPE,
                                                JackPortIsOutput, 0);
    
    if (!engine->midi_in_port || !engine->midi_scene_in_port || 
        !engine->midi_clock_in_port || !engine->midi_out_port) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to register MIDI ports\n");
        engine_cleanup(engine);
        return -1;
    }
    
    // Set callbacks
    jack_set_process_callback(engine->client, process_callback, engine);
    jack_on_shutdown(engine->client, shutdown_callback, engine);
    
    // Get sample rate
    engine->sample_rate = jack_get_sample_rate(engine->client);
    
    return 0;
}

void engine_cleanup(Engine *engine) {
    if (!engine) return;
    
    // Free any queued triggers
    QueuedTrigger *qt = engine->queued_triggers;
    while (qt) {
        QueuedTrigger *next = qt->next;
        free(qt);
        qt = next;
    }
    engine->queued_triggers = NULL;
    
    // Free transport
    if (engine->transport) {
        transport_cleanup(engine->transport);
        free(engine->transport);
        engine->transport = NULL;
    }
    
    if (engine->client) {
        jack_client_close(engine->client);
        engine->client = NULL;
    }
    
    for (int i = 0; i < MAX_CLIPS; i++) {
        free(engine->clips[i].buffer);
        engine->clips[i].buffer = NULL;
    }
}

int engine_start(Engine *engine) {
    if (!engine || !engine->client) return -1;
    
    if (jack_activate(engine->client) != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to activate JACK client\n");
        return -1;
    }
    
    engine->running = true;
    
    // Start save/load thread
    if (engine_start_save_load_thread(engine) != 0) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Failed to start save/load thread\n");
        jack_deactivate(engine->client);
        engine->running = false;
        return -1;
    }
    
    return 0;
}

void engine_stop(Engine *engine) {
    if (!engine || !engine->client) return;
    
    engine->running = false;
    engine_stop_save_load_thread(engine);
    jack_deactivate(engine->client);
}

void engine_trigger_clip(Engine *engine, int clip_index) {
    if (!engine || clip_index < 0 || clip_index >= MAX_CLIPS) return;
    
    // Queue command for audio thread processing
    engine_submit_command(engine, CMD_TRIGGER_CLIP, clip_index, 0);
}

void engine_trigger_scene(Engine *engine, int scene_index) {
    if (!engine || scene_index < 0 || scene_index >= MAX_SCENES) return;
    
    engine_submit_command(engine, CMD_TRIGGER_SCENE, scene_index, 0);
}

void engine_reset_clip(Engine *engine, int clip_index) {
    if (!engine || clip_index < 0 || clip_index >= MAX_CLIPS) return;
    
    engine_submit_command(engine, CMD_RESET_CLIP, clip_index, 0);
}

void engine_set_quantize_mode(Engine *engine, QuantizeMode mode) {
    if (!engine) return;
    
    // Atomically update the mode so audio thread sees it immediately
    atomic_store(&engine->quantize_mode_atomic, (int)mode);
    
    // Also queue for any additional processing
    engine_submit_command(engine, CMD_SET_QUANTIZE_MODE, (int)mode, 0);
    
    printf("Quantize mode set to: %s\n", quantize_mode_to_string(mode));
}

void engine_set_quantize_threshold(Engine *engine, jack_nframes_t samples) {
    if (!engine) return;
    
    atomic_store(&engine->quantize_threshold_atomic, samples);
    engine_submit_command(engine, CMD_SET_QUANTIZE_THRESHOLD, 0, samples);
}

void engine_transport_play(Engine *engine) {
    if (!engine) return;
    engine_submit_command(engine, CMD_TRANSPORT_PLAY, 0, 0);
}

void engine_transport_pause(Engine *engine) {
    if (!engine) return;
    engine_submit_command(engine, CMD_TRANSPORT_PAUSE, 0, 0);
}

void engine_transport_stop(Engine *engine) {
    if (!engine) return;
    engine_submit_command(engine, CMD_TRANSPORT_STOP, 0, 0);
}

void engine_transport_toggle_play(Engine *engine) {
    if (!engine) return;
    engine_submit_command(engine, CMD_TRANSPORT_TOGGLE_PLAY, 0, 0);
}

void engine_set_clock_source(Engine *engine, ClockSource source) {
    if (!engine) return;
    engine_submit_command(engine, CMD_SET_CLOCK_SOURCE, (int)source, 0);
}

void engine_set_bpm(Engine *engine, double bpm) {
    if (!engine) return;
    engine_submit_command(engine, CMD_SET_BPM, 0, (jack_nframes_t)(bpm * 100.0));
}

const char* clip_state_to_string(ClipState state) {
    switch (state) {
        case CLIP_EMPTY: return "Empty";
        case CLIP_RECORDING: return "Recording";
        case CLIP_LOOPING: return "Looping";
        case CLIP_STOPPED: return "Stopped";
        default: return "Unknown";
    }
}

uint8_t clip_state_to_velocity(ClipState state) {
    switch (state) {
        case CLIP_EMPTY: return 0;
        case CLIP_RECORDING: return 64;
        case CLIP_LOOPING: return 127;
        case CLIP_STOPPED: return 32;
        default: return 0;
    }
}

const char* quantize_mode_to_string(QuantizeMode mode) {
    switch (mode) {
        case QUANTIZE_OFF: return "Off";
        case QUANTIZE_BEAT: return "Beat";
        case QUANTIZE_BAR: return "Bar";
        default: return "Unknown";
    }
}

void engine_undo_action(Engine *engine) {
    if (!engine) return;
    engine_submit_command(engine, CMD_UNDO, 0, 0);
}

void engine_redo_action(Engine *engine) {
    if (!engine) return;
    engine_submit_command(engine, CMD_REDO, 0, 0);
}